Numerical simulation of pharyngeal bolus flow influenced by bolus viscosity and apparent slip

Pharyngeal bolus flow was simulated numerically using a finite element method. The bolus liquids were X-ray medium, glucose, and thickener solutions. For a low-viscosity bolus, the simulation showed a reasonable agreement of bolus velocity with X-ray measurements. The influence of bolus density on swallowing velocity was investigated numerically. Although a higher density resulted in a higher bolus velocity, the increase in velocity was modest. When the bolus viscosity was high, it was necessary to apply the slip boundary condition to obtain an agreement for bolus velocity between the simulation and X-ray measurements. The simulations also showed that the method of characteristic shear rate proposed by Zhu et al., Journal of Texture Studies, 2014, 45, 430–439 is effective for predicting the bolus velocity for shear-thinning fluids. In order to discuss the effect of saliva lubrication and the physical meaning of the characteristic shear rate, an immiscible two-layer flow of the core and wall layer was analyzed theoretically by analogy with mesopharyngeal bolus flow. The characteristic shear rate enabled us to correlate the macroscopic flow behavior and the viscosity of the core layer fluid. Lubrication due to the wall layer caused the apparent slip and enhanced the transfer of viscous core fluid. For viscous fluid that presented a large apparent slip in the two-layer model, the slip boundary condition was needed in the swallowing simulation. The numerical simulation and model flow analysis revealed the usefulness of characteristic shear rate and the importance of saliva-layer lubrication in swallowing.     

Enhancing the Tribological Behavior of Lubricating Oil by Adding TiO2, Graphene,and TiO2/Graphene Nanoparticles

This article investigates the tribological behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) of titanium dioxide anatase TiO₂ (A), graphene, and TiO₂ (A) + graphene added to the pure base oil group ΙΙ (PBO-GΙΙ). The morphology of these two nanostructures of TiO₂ (A) and graphene was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Oleic acid (OA) was blended as a surfactant into the formulation to help stabilize the NPs in the lubricant oil. A four-ball test rig was used to determine the tribological performance of six different samples, and an image acquisition system was used to examine and measure the wear scar diameter of the stationary balls. Field emission–scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to examine the wear morphology. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), element mapping, and Raman spectroscopy were employed to confirm the presence of (TiO₂ (A) + graphene) and the formation of a tribolayer/film on the mating surfaces. Moreover, a 3D optical surface texture analyzer was utilized to investigate the scar topography and tribological performance. The experiments proved that adding (0.4?wt% TiO₂ (A) + 0.2?wt% graphene) to the PBO-GΙΙ optimized its tribological behavior. These excellent results can be attributed to the dual additive effect and the formation of a tribofilm of NPs during sliding motion. Furthermore, the average reductions in the coefficient of friction (COF), wear scar diameter (WSD), and specific wear rate (SWR) were 38.83, 36.78, and 15.78%, respectively, for (0.4?wt% TiO₂ (A) + 0.2?wt% graphene) nanolubricant compared to plain PBO-GΙΙ lubricant.     

Application of organosilane coatings for improved anti-adhesive properties enabling facilitated demolding in polymer processing

Easy and residue-free demolding is an everlasting topic in the plastics processing industry. Typically, facile ejection of the produced parts from the mold is provided by separation agents (silicon sprays, surface coatings). In this work, a perfluoroalkyl-based organosilane coating is applied to exchangeable substrates of an injection mold. Besides the simple application, the coating can also be restored easily in a procedure based on flame treatment. Coating and recoating are proven by contact angle measurements with water, while the anti-adhesive effect and the related relief during demolding are evaluated using a special measuring device in an instrumented two-plate injection mold. The results reveal that the organosilane layer reduces the demolding forces and the resulting static friction coefficient by 50%. Furthermore, multiple recoating significantly improves the durability of the anti-adhesive coating. Based on these findings, the easily applicable and renewable organosilane coating represents a suitable alternative to conventional release coatings.     

隧道预应力锚杆锚固结构承载效应及围岩力学分析

隧道中锚杆与围岩作用机理比较复杂，设计多偏于类比法和经验法，以锚杆在连续均匀地层中形成锚固结构为出发点，建立锚固结构承载强度表达式，并确定锚杆设计参数。通过对锚固结构承载特性分析，得到各影响因素对承载强度的贡献程度，在此基础上提出了“支护力放大系数”和“锚固界限强度”概念，再将锚固结构整体考虑并等效成支护力对隧道围岩应力分布、塑性区、位移进行重新求解，最终结合数值模拟和算例验证。研究结果表明：锚固结构对锚杆支护力具有放大作用，对隧道深部围岩也提供一个较强的支护力，锚固结构强度影响程度由大到小依次为力学参数、锚固厚度、支护强度，其中力学参数对锚固承载强度起着至关重要作用，合理锚固厚度为洞径的0.4～0.8倍，进一步提出了围岩稳定性控制原则。数值模拟中锚杆支护、等效力支护与理论结果加以比较，隧道周边的塑性区、应力分布、位移基本一致，可为锚杆支护下隧道围岩控制提供一种科学的分析方法。     

Effect of pH on wear and friction of silicon nitride sliding against alumina in water

The influence of the pH in water lubricated sliding contacts was evaluated in terms of friction and wear. The experiments were carried out using a ball-on-disc setup. Si₃N₄ balls and Al₂O₃ discs were tested at temperature of (22±2) °C, sliding speed of (1.00±0.03) m/s and normal load of (54.25±0.17) N. Eight types of water with pHs varying from 3 to 12 were used as lubricant. The running-in period, friction coefficient and wear-volume were shown to be nearly independent of the initial pH values within the DLVO range (4≤pH≤10), since at these range the water׳s pH tends to the same value (7.6±0.3) during the test. Superlubricity could be reached with negligible wear by properly setting the electrochemical properties and operating conditions of the tribosystem.     

回转窑托轮轴瓦温度过高原因及处理方法

回转窑托轮轴瓦发热是一种常见问题,会影响到回转窑的运转率。论述了托轮轴瓦发热原因及处理措施。     

基于振动信号的深沟球轴承滚动体故障诊断研究

目前针对滚动轴承内、外圈故障的诊断方法较为有效,但难以诊断滚动体故障。针对这种情况,利用时域统计参数(有效值、峭度、脉冲因数、裕度因数)与Hilbert包络谱两种方法,对不同转速、负荷和故障程度情况下滚动体故障与正常状况的振动加速度数据进行比较分析,得出了滚动体故障难以诊断的原因,并给出了解决方法。     

大型石化企业设备润滑管理系统的开发与应用

普光气田大型机组和进口设备,由于在高温、高压、易燃、易爆甲级要害场所使用,设备润滑条件严格,设备润滑在油气生产中起着举足轻重的地位和在设备运行中起着不可忽视的作用。建立一套设备润滑管理系统,为设备合理润滑、延长设备使用寿命及今后研究和探索设备润滑新技术、新方向、新方法具有一定的重要意义。